The ancient Greek colony of Byzantium stood at the crossroads of Europe and Asia until 330 AD, when Emperor Constantine the Great refounded it as Constantinople, the new capital of the Roman Empire and a deliberately Christian “Nova Roma.”
For more than a thousand years the city served as the heart of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire, its emperors raising churches, forums, cisterns and palaces while defending Roman law and culture. That long continuity ended on 29 May 1453, when Ottoman forces under Mehmed II captured the city and brought the Byzantine Empire to a close.
Near the sea walls stands Little Hagia Sophia, originally the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus. Built under Justinian and Theodora in the early sixth century, its octagonal core and ribbed dome already experiment with the spatial ideas later perfected in the great Hagia Sophia.
A short distance inland the Hippodrome once staged the chariot races and public spectacles that defined civic life. Three monuments still...
The Shah-i-Zinda ensemble, also known as Shohizinda, is a historic necropolis and funerary complex located on the southern slope of the ancient Afrasiab hill in the northeastern part of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Its name, drawn from Classical Persian, means “the Living King,” and it centers on a powerful local legend associated with Qutham (or Qusam, Kusam) ibn Abbas, a cousin of the Prophet Muhammad.
Tradition holds that he arrived in the region during the seventh-century Arab conquests to preach Islam. According to one widely told account, he was attacked and beheaded while at prayer; he then picked up his severed head and walked to a deep well or cleft known as the Garden of Paradise, where he is believed to remain alive to this day in a subterranean realm. This legend transformed the site into a major place of pilgrimage, and the complex grew around the reputed shrine of this “living king.”
Archaeological evidence shows that the area had long been occupied. Beneath the medieval layers ...
The Mausoleum of Khoja Daniyar sits on a quiet hillside along the northeastern edge of ancient Afrasiab in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, overlooking the Siab River.
This long, low building crowned with five simple domes houses an extraordinary sarcophagus nearly eighteen meters in length, draped in green velvet embroidered with verses from the Quran. Local tradition holds that the remains of the biblical prophet Daniel rest here, a figure known in the region as Daniyar or Khoja Daniyar.
Daniel was a Jewish prophet of the sixth century BC who served in the courts of Babylonian and Persian kings. Famous for interpreting dreams and surviving a night in a den of lions, he is revered across Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Though he is not named in the Quran, Islamic tradition regards him as one of the righteous prophets sent to the Children of Israel. Muslims, Christians, and Jews all visit this site, each praying according to their own custom, making it a rare place of shared devotion.
According to the ...
Samarkand ranks among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia, with evidence of settlement in the Zerafshan River valley stretching back more than two and a half millennia. Known in antiquity as Maracanda, it served as the capital of Sogdiana and was captured by Alexander the Great in 329 BC.
Over the following centuries it passed under successive Iranian, Turkic, and Arab rule, flourishing as a major Silk Road trading and craft center. In 1220 Genghis Khan’s Mongol armies destroyed much of the city.
After a period of recovery it rose to its greatest prominence when Timur, known in the West as Tamerlane, chose it as the capital of his vast empire in the late fourteenth century. Under the Timurid dynasty, especially during the reign of Timur’s grandson Ulugh Beg, Samarkand became a brilliant hub of architecture, science, and Islamic learning.
The city later declined, was absorbed into the Khanate of Bukhara, and stood largely deserted for decades in the eighteenth century ...
